Abstract The objective of the present study was to identify the reasons for dental extractions in patients seeking dental care in a university dental clinic in Mexico. This is a cross-sectional study that assessed 284 consecutive patients at the School of Dentistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico between August 2017 and November 2018. In total, 505 extractions were performed. The dependent variable was the reason for extraction: 0) dental caries and ensuing sequels (reference category); 1) periodontal disease and ensuing sequels; and 2) other reasons. Sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and clinical variables were included as independent variables. The analysis was done with multinomial logistic regression (Stata 14.0). Out of all extractions, 63.6% (n=321) were due to dental caries and ensuing sequels; 22.0% (n=111) were due to periodontal disease and ensuing sequels; 5.3% (n=27) endodontic failure; 5.1% (n=26) prosthetic indications; 1.6% (n=8) orthodontic indications; and the rest (2.4%) were due to other reasons. In the multivariate model extractions due to periodontal disease vs dental caries were associated with occasionally smoking tobacco (Odds Ratio, OR=3.90) or daily tobacco use (OR=3.19); the tooth to be extracted having been previously restored (OR=2.35); extracted anterior as opposed to posterior teeth (OR =2.63); and patients with multiple extractions (OR=2.68). In the case of extractions due to “other reasons”, no variable was significant. Dental caries and periodontal disease were the main reasons for dental extraction in this sample. Several variables, mostly clinical, were associated with extractions for periodontal reasons.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os motivos das extrações dentárias em pacientes que procuram atendimento odontológico em uma clínica odontológica universitária no México. Este é um estudo transversal que avaliou 284 pacientes consecutivos na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México entre agosto de 2017 e novembro de 2018. No total, foram realizadas 505 extrações. A variável dependente foi o motivo da extração: 0) cárie dentária e sequelas subsequentes (categoria de referência); 1) doença periodontal e sequelas subsequentes; e 2) outros motivos. Variáveis sociodemográficas, socioeconômicas e clínicas foram incluídas como variáveis independentes. A análise foi feita com regressão logística multinomial (Stata 14.0). De todas as extrações, 63,6% (n=321) foram devidas a cárie dentária e sequelas subsequentes; 22,0% (n=111) foram devidas a doença periodontal e sequelas subsequentes; 5,3% (n=27) a insucesso endodôntico; 5,1% (n=26) a indicações protéticas; 1,6% (n=8) a indicações ortodônticas; e o restante (2,4%) foi devido a outros motivos. No modelo multivariado, as extrações por doença periodontal vs. cárie dentária foram associadas ao tabagismo ocasional (Odds Ratio, OR=3,90) ou ao uso diário de tabaco (OR=3,19); ao fato de o dente a ser extraído ter sido restaurado anteriormente (OR=2,35); à extração de dentes anteriores em vez de posteriores (OR=2,63); e a pacientes com extrações múltiplas (OR=2,68). No caso de extrações devido a "outros motivos", nenhuma variável foi significativa. A cárie dentária e a doença periodontal foram os principais motivos de extração dentária nessa amostra. Diversas variáveis, principalmente clínicas, foram associadas às extrações por motivos periodontais.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental trauma in schoolchildren 6 to 12 years of age and associated clinical, sociodemographic, and socioeconomic variables. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 477 children from public elementary schools in four locations in Mexico. The dependent variable was dental trauma, which was dichotomized in 0 = without dental trauma and 1 = with dental trauma. For the statistical analysis, a multivariate binary logistic regression model was generated in Stata. Average age was 9.06±1.94 years and 51.1% were girls. The prevalence of dental trauma was 18.2%. Falls, automobile accidents and sports had the highest number of instances (p < 0.01). In the multivariate model, it was observed that the risk of dental trauma increased with age (OR = 1.28) and among boys (OR = 1.45). Schoolchildren with decreased overjet (OR = 0.38) had lower dental trauma. Father’s age (OR = 1.03) and educational level (OR = 1.78) were associated with dental trauma. Schoolchildren without health insurance (OR = 0.62) presented dental trauma less often. This study provided important information regarding the association of different sociodemographic, socioeconomic and clinical variables with dental trauma in Mexican schoolchildren. Identifying factors associated with dental trauma may support health promotion opportunities to ameliorate the prevalence of dental trauma.

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify if the prevalence of dental pain (past and / or present) is associated with caries experience in Mexican children, as well as to characterize factors associated with dental pain. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a consecutive sample of 309 children 2 to 12 years old who were patients at a dental school clinic in Toluca, Mexico. Data were collected from clinical records. The dependent variable had three categories: 0 = have never had dental pain, 1 = had dental pain before the appointment, and 2 = current dental pain. Non-parametric statistical tests were used in the analysis. A multivariate multinomial logistic regression model was generated in Stata 11.0. Average age was 5.71 ± 2.43 years and 50.8% were boys. The joint dmft+DMFT index was 9.11 ± 4.19. It was observed that 56.6% of children did not report having experienced dental pain, 30.7% reported having previously had dental pain, and 12.6% had pain when the clinical appointment took place. In the multivariate model, variables associated (p < .05) with previous dental pain were age (OR = 1.13); the dmft + DMFT index (OR = 1.13), having had a last dental visit for curative/emergency reasons (OR = 2.41) and prior experience of dental trauma (OR = 2.59). For current pain, only the joint dmft + DMFT index (OR = 1.10, p < 0.05) had significant associations. Almost half of the children had experienced dental pain in their lifetime. Since caries experience is a factor associated with dental pain, decreasing caries levels may ameliorate suffering from dental pain in children.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este studio fue explorer el efecto remineralizante de las cremas dentales compuestas de Xilitol, Camelia Sinensis y Juniperus Communis. Se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental in vitro en una muestra de 18 premolares humanos, los cuales fueron tratados con una de las tres pastas dentales evaluadas y una fluorada. Los porcentajes atomicos de Ca y P fueron evaluados por Espectroscopia de rayos X de energía dispersive (EDS). Además, la superficie del esmalte de los dientes tratados fue examinada por Microscopia Electronica de Barrido (SEM). Las evaluaciones fueron llevadas a cabo en tres etapas: pre-tratamiento, despues de un proceso artificial de desmineralizacion y después del tratamiento con las pastas dentales. Se usaron ANOVA de una via y correlacion de Pearson para el analisis estadistico. Xilitol y Juniperus Communis mostraron la mayor ganancia de iones P comparados con el grupo control (p<0.01), con rangos entre r=0.7413 (Grupo con Xylitol) and r=0.9510 (Group Control). Se concluyó que la pasta con Xilitol mostró las mayores propiedades remineralizantes, tanto en el analisis EDS y las imágenes SEM.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore the remineralizing effect of toothpastes based on Xilitol, Camellia Sinensis and Juniperus Communis. An in vitro experimental study was carried out in an 18 human premolars sample, which were treated with one of the 3 evaluated toothpastes and a control fluoride one. The atomic percentages of Ca and P were evaluated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). In addition, the enamel surface of treated teeth was visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The evaluations were carried out in three stages: pre-treatment, after an artificial demineralization process and after the treatment with the toothpastes. In the statistical analysis, the one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests were used. Xilitol and Juniperus Communis showed the greatest gain of P ions compared to the control group (p<0.01). As for Ca, the group treated with xylitol-based toothpaste showed more ion gain compared with the control group (p<0.01). In the Pearson correlation test between Ca and P, statistically significant correlations were observed in all groups (p<0.01), ranging between r=0.7413 (Xylitol Group) and r=0.9510 (Control Group). We concluded that Xylitol paste showed the highest remineralizing property, both in the EDS analysis and in the SEM images.

Introducción. La caries dental es una de las enfermedades crónicas infantiles más frecuentes. En México es un problema de salud pública bucal. Objetivo. Identificar las variables asociadas a la presencia de caries (lesiones reversibles e irreversibles) en una muestra de escolares mexicanos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal en 640 escolares de 11 y 12 años de edad. La variable dependiente fue el índice C 1+2 POD, contemplando las lesiones cariosas (caries dental) reversibles e irreversibles según la clasificación C 1 /C 2 / de Pitts. Se practicaron exámenes clínicos por examinadores capacitados y estandarizados. Utilizando cuestionarios estructurados, se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, socioeconómicas y sobre conductas relacionadas con la salud bucal. En el análisis se empleó el modelo de regresión binomial negativa. Resultados. El índice C 1+2 POD fue 5,68±3,47. Las características de los escolares que estuvieron asociadas a un incremento en la media esperada del índice de caries dental fueron: ser del sexo femenino (27,1 %), tener 12 años de edad (23,2 %), consumir mayores cantidades de azúcar (13,9 %), tener higiene bucal regular (31,3 %), o tener mala o muy mala higiene bucal (62,3 %). Contrariamente, el que la familia poseyera un automóvil disminuyó 13,5 % la media esperada del C 1+2 POD. Conclusiones. Cuando se toman en consideración las caries que presentan cavidades y aquellas que se encuentran en un estado incipiente de desarrollo, se acentúa aún más el carácter de esta enfermedad (promedio de casi seis dientes con caries) como un problema clínico común y un problema de salud pública bucal. Los resultados revelan la necesidad de establecer estrategias preventivas y curativas en la muestra.

Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases worldwide. In Mexico it is a public health problem. Objective: To identify variables associated with caries occurrence (non-reversible and reversible lesions) in a sample of Mexican schoolchildren. Material and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in 640 schoolchildren of 11 and 12 years of age. The dependent variable was the D 1+2 MFT index, comprising reversible and irreversible carious lesions (dental caries) according to the Pitts D 1 /D 2 classification. Clinical examinations were performed by trained and standardized examiners. Using structured questionnaires we collected socio-demographic, socio-economic and health-related oral behaviors. Negative binomial regression was used for the analysis. Results: The D 1+2 MFT index was 5.68±3.47. The schoolchildren characteristics associated with an increase in the expected average rate of dental caries were: being female (27.1%), having 12 years of age (23.2%), consuming larger amounts of sugar (13.9%), having mediocre (31.3%) and poor/very poor oral hygiene (62.3%). Conversely, when the family owned a car the expected mean D 1+2 MFT decreased 13.5%. Conclusions: When dental caries occurrence (about 6 decayed teeth) is estimated taking into consideration not only cavities (lesions in need of restorative dental treatment) but also incipient carious lesions, the character of this disease as a common clinical problem and as a public health problem are further emphasized. Results revealed the need to establish preventive and curative strategies in the sample.

Introducción. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico, las hendiduras faciales son las deformidades orales más comunes alrededor del mundo. Objetivo. Identificar los factores de riesgo hereditarios y socioeconómicos relacionados con la presencia de labio o paladar hendido no asociados a un síndrome. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de casos y controles en el que se incluyeron 208 casos con diagnóstico de labio, paladar hendido o ambos no asociados a un síndrome, los cuales fueron pareados por edad y sexo con 416 controles. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes quirúrgicos atendidos durante el periodo 2002-2004 en el programa estatal de labio o paladar hendido de Campeche, México. Se aplicó un cuestionario en el que se recogió información sobre variables sociodemográficas y socioeconómicas, así como sobre antecedentes hereditarios de labio o paladar hendido no asociados a un síndrome en la familia. Debido a que el diseño fue pareado, el análisis se hizo con regresión logística condicionada. Resultados. En el modelo multivariado para labio o paladar hendido no asociado a un síndrome se identificaron de forma significativa (p<0,05) los siguientes factores de riesgo: nivel socioeconómico bajo (razón de momios, RM=2,02), nacimiento en el sur del estado (RM=3,96), nacimiento en casa (RM=2,51) o nacimiento en hospital público (RM=4,08), antecedentes heredofamiliares paternos (RM=5,38), antecedentes heredofamiliares maternos (RM=4,11), tener otro hijo con labio o paladar hendido en la familia (RM=46,02), presentar algún otro defecto congénito asociado (RM=8,20) e infección en el embarazo (RM=2,90), y como factor protector, el cuidado prenatal y el uso de vitaminas (RM=0,29). Conclusiones. El mayor riesgo en nuestra muestra para labio, paladar hendido o ambos, no asociados a un síndrome, radica en las variables relacionadas con los antecedentes familiares y hereditarios, y las indicadoras de la posición socioeconómica. Se observó un efecto protector del manejo prenatal con vitaminas.

Introduction. From an epidemiological point of view, non-syndromic orofacial clefts are the most common oral congenital deformities worldwide. Objective. Family histories were traced and socioeconomic risk factors were identified for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Material and methods. A case-control study was carried out with 208 cases of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate, and matched by age and sex with 416 controls. Cases were patients attending a referral clinic from 2002 through 2004 in Campeche, Mexico. A questionnaire was administered to collect sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables as well as familial background relevant to non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Conditional logistic regression models were used; adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results. In the multivariate model, the following risk factors were identified: 1) low socioeconomic status; 2) birth in the southern region of Campeche state; 3) home delivery or delivery in a publicly funded hospital; 4) occurrence of prior non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate cases in the father´s or mother´s family: 5) having a sibling with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate; 6) the proband having another malformation, and 7) a history of infections during pregnancy. Prenatal care consisting of vitamin supplementation was a protective factor for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (odds ratio=0.29). Conclusions. A “social gradient in health” was seen to link oral malformation with diet components, and several socioeconomic and socio-demographic factors broadly encompassed in low socioeconomic status. Further characterization of risk factors will guide the assemblage of a pro-active counseling and prevention program for families at risk for non-syndromic cleft lip and cleft palate.

Objective Determining the prevalence, severity and extension of chronic periodontitis and identifying risk indicators amongst policemen in Campeche, Mexico, using an electron probe. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 161 men was conducted. A case of periodontitis was defined as a participant having clinical attachment loss in at least one ³ 4 mm site. Every periodontal site in the mouth was measured by a standardized periodontist using a Florida Probe System.™ STATA 8.2™ was used for bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis, using logistic binary regression. Results Mean age was 38.36±10.99 years. 23,622 periodontal sites were available for examination. Mean (SD) teeth and sites examined per person were 24.45±4.63 and 146.72±27.80, respectively. Periodontitis prevalence was 62.7%. Periodontitis severity was 2.9 mm and extent was 53.7%. Adjusted for alcohol intake, factors associated with periodontitis prevalence were being older (³35 years; OR=2.08; CI95%=1.05-4.10), smoking (current/former; OR=2.22; CI95%=1.06-4.77) and gingivitis (presence; OR=3.35; CI95%=1.34-8.42). Conclusions Many study participants had poor periodontal conditions, with substantial overall prevalence of periodontitis. Older age, tobacco use and the presence of gingivitis were factors associated with periodontitis prevalence.

Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia, severidad y extensión de periodontitis crónica, e identificar indicadores de riesgo entre policías de Campeche, México, utilizando una sonda electrónica. Material y Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra de conveniencia de 161 hombres. Un caso de periodontitis fue definido como pérdida de inserción en al menos un sitio ³ 4 mm. Todos los sitios periodontales fueron medidos utilizando la sonda Florida Probe System™ por un periodoncista estandarizado. Los análisis bivariado y multivariado fueron realizados en STATA 8.2 utilizando regresión logística binaria. Resultados La media de edad fue 38,36±10,99 años. Un total de 23 622 sitios periodontales estuvieron disponibles para examen. El promedio de dientes y sitios examinados por persona fue 24,45±4,63 y 146,72±27,80, respectivamente. La prevalencia de periodontitis fue 62,7 %. La severidad fue de 2,9 mm y la extensión fue 53,7 %. Ajustando por consumo del alcohol, los factores asociados a la prevalencia fueron mayor edad (³35 años; RM=2,08; IC95 %=1,05-4,10), tabaquismo (actual y pasado; RM=2,22; IC95 %=1,06-4,77), y gingivitis (presencia; RM=3,35; CI95 %=1,34-8,42). Conclusiones La mayoría de los participantes tuvieron una condición periodontal desfavorable. La mayor edad, el uso de tabaco y la presencia de gingivitis fueron variables asociadas con la prevalencia de periodontitis.

Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia, severidad y extensión de periodontitis crónica, e identificar indicadores de riesgo entre policías de Campeche, México, utilizando una sonda electrónica. Material y Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra de conveniencia de 161 hombres. Un caso de periodontitis fue definido como pérdida de inserción en al menos un sitio ³ 4 mm. Todos los sitios periodontales fueron medidos utilizando la sonda Florida Probe System™ por un periodoncista estandarizado. Los análisis bivariado y multivariado fueron realizados en STATA 8.2 utilizando regresión logística binaria. Resultados La media de edad fue 38,36±10,99 años. Un total de 23 622 sitios periodontales estuvieron disponibles para examen. El promedio de dientes y sitios examinados por persona fue 24,45±4,63 y 146,72±27,80, respectivamente. La prevalencia de periodontitis fue 62,7 %. La severidad fue de 2,9 mm y la extensión fue 53,7 %. Ajustando por consumo del alcohol, los factores asociados a la prevalencia fueron mayor edad (³35 años; RM=2,08; IC95 %=1,05-4,10), tabaquismo (actual y pasado; RM=2,22; IC95 %=1,06-4,77), y gingivitis (presencia; RM=3,35; CI95 %=1,34-8,42). Conclusiones La mayoría de los participantes tuvieron una condición periodontal desfavorable. La mayor edad, el uso de tabaco y la presencia de gingivitis fueron variables asociadas con la prevalencia de periodontitis.

Objective Determining the prevalence, severity and extension of chronic periodontitis and identifying risk indicators amongst policemen in Campeche, Mexico, using an electron probe. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 161 men was conducted. A case of periodontitis was defined as a participant having clinical attachment loss in at least one ³ 4 mm site. Every periodontal site in the mouth was measured by a standardized periodontist using a Florida Probe System.™ STATA 8.2™ was used for bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis, using logistic binary regression. Results Mean age was 38.36±10.99 years. 23,622 periodontal sites were available for examination. Mean (SD) teeth and sites examined per person were 24.45±4.63 and 146.72±27.80, respectively. Periodontitis prevalence was 62.7%. Periodontitis severity was 2.9 mm and extent was 53.7%. Adjusted for alcohol intake, factors associated with periodontitis prevalence were being older (³35 years; OR=2.08; CI95%=1.05-4.10), smoking (current/former; OR=2.22; CI95%=1.06-4.77) and gingivitis (presence; OR=3.35; CI95%=1.34-8.42). Conclusions Many study participants had poor periodontal conditions, with substantial overall prevalence of periodontitis. Older age, tobacco use and the presence of gingivitis were factors associated with periodontitis prevalence.

Objective: To examine the relationship between the presence of enamel defects, dental caries in primary teeth, and exposure to various fluoride technologies and the presence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children with mixed dentition. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 713 children aged 6-9 years old in 4 elementary schools in Campeche, Mexico through the use of a questionnaire for the mothers and an oral examination in the children. The dependent variable was the prevalence of caries in permanent dentition. Results: The mean number of decay, missing or filling teeth in primary dentition (dmft) and in permanent dentition (DMFT) was 2.48 (2.82) (deft > 0 = 58.9%) and 0.40 (0.98) (DMFT > 0 = 18.2%), respectively. The significant caries index (SiC), which is calculated in deciduous dentition, was 5.85 for 6 year-olds. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for variables related to fluoride exposure revealed that older age (OR = 2.99), a deft of > 0 (OR = 5.46), and lower maternal educational level (OR = 1.57) were significantly associated with a higher number of dental caries in permanent teeth. An interaction between sex and enamel defects was also found. Conclusions: The number of dental caries in both primary and permanent dentitions was relatively smaller than that found in prior studies performed in Mexican populations. The results confirm that the presence of caries in primary dentition is strongly associated with caries in permanent dentition. No significant relationship was found between fluoride exposure and dental caries in permanent dentition.

Objetivo: Explorar la relación entre la presencia de defectos del esmalte (DE), la experiencia de caries en la dentición temporal, y la exposición a diversas fuentes de fluoruros, con la presencia de caries en la dentición permanente de niños con dentición mixta. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 713 sujetos de 6-9 años de edad de 4 escuelas de Campeche, México, mediante un cuestionario dirigido a las madres, y un examen clínico bucal a los niños. La variable dependiente fue la prevalencia de caries en la dentición permanente. Resultados: El promedio de dientes temporales cariados, extraídos y obturados (ceod) y dientes permanentes cariados, perdidos y obturados (CPOD) fue de 2,48 (2,82) (ceod > 0 = 58,9%) y 0,40 (0,98) (CPOD > 0 = 18,2%), respectivamente. El índice SiC (índice de caries significativa, calculado en la dentición temporal) fue de 5,85 para los niños de 6 años de edad. En el análisis de regresión logística multivariado permanecieron significativas, después de ajustar por variables de exposición a fluoruros, la mayor edad (odds ratio [OR] = 2,99), el ceod > 0 (OR = 5,46), la menor escolaridad de la madre (OR = 1,57) y una interacción entre sexo y defectos del esmalte. Conclusiones: Las caries en la dentición temporal y permanente fueron relativamente menores que las observaciones publicadas por otros estudios en México. Los resultados confirmaron que la caries en la dentición temporal se asoció fuertemente con la caries en la dentición permanente. No hubo una relación significativa entre las fuentes de fluoruro y la caries dental en la dentición permanente.

Objective: To examine the relationship between the presence of enamel defects, dental caries in primary teeth, and exposure to various fluoride technologies and the presence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children with mixed dentition. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 713 children aged 6-9 years old in 4 elementary schools in Campeche, Mexico through the use of a questionnaire for the mothers and an oral examination in the children. The dependent variable was the prevalence of caries in permanent dentition. Results: The mean number of decay, missing or filling teeth in primary dentition (dmft) and in permanent dentition (DMFT) was 2.48 (2.82) (deft > 0 = 58.9%) and 0.40 (0.98) (DMFT > 0 = 18.2%), respectively. The significant caries index (SiC), which is calculated in deciduous dentition, was 5.85 for 6 year-olds. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for variables related to fluoride exposure revealed that older age (OR = 2.99), a deft of > 0 (OR = 5.46), and lower maternal educational level (OR = 1.57) were significantly associated with a higher number of dental caries in permanent teeth. An interaction between sex and enamel defects was also found. Conclusions: The number of dental caries in both primary and permanent dentitions was relatively smaller than that found in prior studies performed in Mexican populations. The results confirm that the presence of caries in primary dentition is strongly associated with caries in permanent dentition. No significant relationship was found between fluoride exposure and dental caries in permanent dentition.

Objetivo: Explorar la relación entre la presencia de defectos del esmalte (DE), la experiencia de caries en la dentición temporal, y la exposición a diversas fuentes de fluoruros, con la presencia de caries en la dentición permanente de niños con dentición mixta. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 713 sujetos de 6-9 años de edad de 4 escuelas de Campeche, México, mediante un cuestionario dirigido a las madres, y un examen clínico bucal a los niños. La variable dependiente fue la prevalencia de caries en la dentición permanente. Resultados: El promedio de dientes temporales cariados, extraídos y obturados (ceod) y dientes permanentes cariados, perdidos y obturados (CPOD) fue de 2,48 (2,82) (ceod > 0 = 58,9%) y 0,40 (0,98) (CPOD > 0 = 18,2%), respectivamente. El índice SiC (índice de caries significativa, calculado en la dentición temporal) fue de 5,85 para los niños de 6 años de edad. En el análisis de regresión logística multivariado permanecieron significativas, después de ajustar por variables de exposición a fluoruros, la mayor edad (odds ratio [OR] = 2,99), el ceod > 0 (OR = 5,46), la menor escolaridad de la madre (OR = 1,57) y una interacción entre sexo y defectos del esmalte. Conclusiones: Las caries en la dentición temporal y permanente fueron relativamente menores que las observaciones publicadas por otros estudios en México. Los resultados confirmaron que la caries en la dentición temporal se asoció fuertemente con la caries en la dentición permanente. No hubo una relación significativa entre las fuentes de fluoruro y la caries dental en la dentición permanente.

Objective. Determine the association between socioeconomic status and oral hygiene in the primary dentition of preschool children. Materials and methods. We undertook a cross-sectional study of 1,303 children attending 10 schools in Campeche, Mexico. Every child was clinically examined in a portable dental chair by one of four examiners. We used a questionnaire addressed to the mothers to collect data on socioeconomic and socio demographic variables-including attitudinal variables dealing with the perceived importance of oral health. Oral hygiene was assessed appraising the frequency of tooth brushing and the presence of dental plaque. Data analysis included non-parametric tests using STATA 8.2®. Results. Mean age was 4.36 ± 0.79 years and 48.3% of children were girls. Of the study population, 17.8% (n= 232) were classified as having inadequate oral hygiene, 50.9% (n= 663) having moderate oral hygiene, and 31.3% (n= 408) having adequate oral hygiene. Children who were rated more frequently as having inadequate hygiene (p < 0.05) had mothers with a negative attitude toward oral health, were users only of public medical insurance (as opposed to users of private services), and had not used dental services in the year prior to the study. Finally, we observeda decrease in the adequacy of oral hygiene associated with a decrease in socioeconomic status. Conclusions. Our findings showed that oral hygiene was closely associated with socioeconomic status. This implies that if a reduction of oral health inequalities is to be achieved, the strategies andresources targeting these goals must take into account the existing differences between population groups with more or fewer social disadvantages.

Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre el estado socioeconómico y la higiene bucal en la dentición primaria de niños preescolares. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 1,303 niños de 10 escuelas de Campeche, México. Todos los sujetos fueron examinados clínicamente en una silla dental portátil por uno de cuatro examinadores. Se aplicó un cuestionario dirigido a las madres para la recolección de las variables socioeconómicas y sociodemográficas, incluyendo variables de actitud hacia la importancia de la salud bucodental. Se evaluó la higiene bucal tomando en consideración la frecuencia de cepillado dentaly lapresencia de placa dentobacteriana. El análisis se realizó en STATA 8.2® utilizando pruebas no paramétricas. Resultados. La media de edad fue 4.36 ± 0.79 años y 48.3% de los niños examinados fueron mujeres. Del total de los niños bajo estudio, 17.8% (n = 232) fueron asignados al grupo de higiene bucal inadecuada, 50.9% (n = 663) al de regular, y 31.3% (n = 408) al de adecuada. Quienes presentaron más frecuentemente higiene bucal inadecuada (p < 0.05) fueron los hijos de madres con actitud negativa hacia la salud bucal, los que solamente tenían acceso a servicios públicos de salud, y los que no utilizaron servicios dentales en el año previo al estudio. Finalmente, se observó disminución de higiene bucal apropiada conforme disminuía el nivel socioeconómico (NSE). Conclusiones. Los hallazgos de este estudio muestran que la higiene bucal estuvo asociada al NSE. Esto implica que si se desea disminuir las desigualdades en salud bucal, las estrategias que se diseñen y los recursos que se destinen a estos objetivos deben tener en cuenta las diferencias existentes entre los grupos con mayor y menor desventaja social.

Objective. To explore the association between caries indices in primary and permanent dentition and socioeconomic indicators at the individual and ecologic levels in 6-12 year old children. Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of two dataseis depicting oral health status in Campeche, México, with 2,939 children distributed equally by age and sex, was carried out. Oral health indices were contrasted at different cut-off points in primary and permanent dentitions (dmft, DMFT, dmft+DMFT and SiC indices) with independent variables such as place of residence (urban, marginal-urban) and mother's highest level of schooling (years of formal education) as socioeconomic variables (SES), as well as other sociodemographic variables using models of binary logistic regression in STATA 8.2®. Results. The mean age was 8.85 ± 1.83 years and 56.6% were girls. Nine models were generated in which changes in socioeconomic variables were linked to changes in oral health features in this community (both in terms of prevalence and severity), except for DMFT > 0 at 12 years of age. Conclusions. In general, children of lower SES had greater caries experience and higher caries severity, in both primary and permanent dentitions. The relationships between oral health disparities and independent variables were confirmed in children living in geographically contiguous areas.

Objetivos. Explorar la existencia de desigualdades en la salud bucal a través de indicadores socioeconómicos, a nivel individual y ecológico, en una población de niños de seis a 12 años de edad. Material y métodos. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de dos estudios transversales de salud bucal en Campeche, México. Se incluyeron 2,939 niños distribuidos de igual manera por edad y sexo. Los resultados de dichos estudios fueron combinados y usados para explorar desigualdades socioeconómicas en salud bucal. La salud bucal fue medida a través de diferentes puntos de corte en índices de caries (ceod, CPOD, ceod + CPOD y SiC). Las variables independientes incluidas en el estudio fueron el área de residencia (urbana, conurbana) y la escolaridad de la madre (años de estudio), así como otras variables sociodemográficas que sirvieron para ajustar los modelos. Se generaron modelos de regresión logística binaria en STATA 8.2®. Resultados. Los nueve modelos generados revelaron que los cambios en las variables socioeconómicas se relacionaron con las manifestaciones de salud bucal en esta comunidad, tanto en términos de prevalencia como de severidad. La única excepción fue al comparar el indicador de caries CPOD > 0 a los 12 años de edad. Conclusiones. En general, los niños de menor posición socioeconómica tuvieron mayor experiencia y severidad de caries dental en la dentición temporal y permanente. Las discrepancias encontradas de los indicadores de caries a través de las variables independientes de interés ponen en evidencia las desigualdades sociales en salud bucal entre grupos viviendo en localidades contiguas.

Objectives Developing and testing a clinical-behavioural scoring system for assessing children's oral hygiene. Materials and Methods One clinical variable (the presence of dental plaque, measured using Silness and Löe's index) and one behavioural variable (self-reported tooth brushing frequency) were combined into secondary data analysis of research databases for 3-6-year-olds and 6-13-year-olds in a Mexican community. The combined scoring is an ordinal scale that depicts suitable, moderate and inadequate hygiene. Blinded dental examiners also collected dmft/DMFT data in standardised conditions. Data was analysed with Spearman's rho, Kruskall-Wallis, non-parametric tests for trends and Pearson's <FONT FACE=Symbol>c</font>2 tests. Results 1 303 children aged 3-6 years old and 1,644 children aged 6-13 years old participated in the study. Clear relationships existed between the combined scoring system and dmft (p 0.01) and between the scoring system and DMFT (p>0.01), suggesting that the combined clinical-behavioural scoring system is a reasonably accurate measurement of the relationship between caries experience and oral hygiene in children in the given setting. Conclusions The combined clinical-behavioural scoring system is a simple, easy-to-use tool that incorporates clinical and behavioural data commonly found in dental systems. Whether the clinical-behavioural scoring system can be generalised remains to be established

Objetivos Desarrollar un sistema de puntaje clínico-conductual para medir la higiene bucal en niños. Material y Métodos La investigación se realizó en dos etapas: 1) detección y selección de componentes de la higiene bucal, y 2) evaluación de la asociación con la caries dental. Una variable clínica (presencia de placa dentobacteriana usando el índice de Silness y Löe) y una variable conductual (reporte de la frecuencia de cepillado) fueron combinadas en un análisis secundario de dos bases de datos de investigaciones epidemiológicas en niños de 3-6 años y de 6-13 años de edad en una comunidad mexicana. El puntaje combinado es en una escala ordinal que describe higiene bucal adecuada, moderada e inadecuada. Los examinadores también colectaron los índices ceod/CPOD. Los datos se analizaron con las pruebas de rho de Spearman, Kruskall-Wallis, no-paramétrica para tendencias, y ji2 de Pearson. Resultados 1 303 niños de 3-6 años de edad, y 1 644 niños de 6-13 años de edad participaron en los estudios. Se encontró una lara relación entre el sistema y el índice ceod (p<0.01), y entre el sistema y el índice CPOD (p<0.01), sugiriendo que este sistema es una medida adecuada de la higiene bucal en esta población. Conclusión El sistema de puntaje clínico-conductual para medir la higiene bucal es una herramienta simple y fácil de usar que incorpora datos clínicos y conductuales comúnmente encontrados en investigaciones dentales. El potencial del sistema de puntaje clínico-conductual para medir la higiene bucal para usarse en otras poblaciones necesita establecerse en estudios subsecuentes.

Objetivos Desarrollar un sistema de puntaje clínico-conductual para medir la higiene bucal en niños. Material y Métodos La investigación se realizó en dos etapas: 1) detección y selección de componentes de la higiene bucal, y 2) evaluación de la asociación con la caries dental. Una variable clínica (presencia de placa dentobacteriana usando el índice de Silness y Löe) y una variable conductual (reporte de la frecuencia de cepillado) fueron combinadas en un análisis secundario de dos bases de datos de investigaciones epidemiológicas en niños de 3-6 años y de 6-13 años de edad en una comunidad mexicana. El puntaje combinado es en una escala ordinal que describe higiene bucal adecuada, moderada e inadecuada. Los examinadores también colectaron los índices ceod/CPOD. Los datos se analizaron con las pruebas de rho de Spearman, Kruskall-Wallis, no-paramétrica para tendencias, y χ2 de Pearson. Resultados 1 303 niños de 3-6 años de edad, y 1 644 niños de 6-13 años de edad participaron en los estudios. Se encontró una lara relación entre el sistema y el índice ceod (p<0.01), y entre el sistema y el índice CPOD (p<0.01), sugiriendo que este sistema es una medida adecuada de la higiene bucal en esta población. Conclusión El sistema de puntaje clínico-conductual para medir la higiene bucal es una herramienta simple y fácil de usar que incorpora datos clínicos y conductuales comúnmente encontrados en investigaciones dentales. El potencial del sistema de puntaje clínico-conductual para medir la higiene bucal para usarse en otras poblaciones necesita establecerse en estudios subsecuentes.

Objectives Developing and testing a clinical-behavioural scoring system for assessing children’s oral hygiene. Materials and Methods One clinical variable (the presence of dental plaque, measured using Silness and Löe’s index) and one behavioural variable (self-reported tooth brushing frequency) were combined into secondary data analysis of research databases for 3-6-year-olds and 6-13-year-olds in a Mexican community. The combined scoring is an ordinal scale that depicts suitable, moderate and inadequate hygiene. Blinded dental examiners also collected dmft/DMFT data in standardised conditions. Data was analysed with Spearman’s rho, Kruskall-Wallis, non-parametric tests for trends and Pearson’s χ² tests. Results 1 303 children aged 3-6 years old and 1,644 children aged 6-13 years old participated in the study. Clear relationships existed between the combined scoring system and dmft (p 0.01) and between the scoring system and DMFT (p>0.01), suggesting that the combined clinical-behavioural scoring system is a reasonably accurate measurement of the relationship between caries experience and oral hygiene in children in the given setting. Conclusions The combined clinical-behavioural scoring system is a simple, easy-to-use tool that incorporates clinical and behavioural data commonly found in dental systems. Whether the clinical-behavioural scoring system can be generalised remains to be established.